Money values are nominal USD. Results use an after-tax opportunity-cost model calibrated against the provided Calculator.net example; other cases may differ. A positive or negative investment balance represents investing or financing the annual cash-flow difference at the assumed investment return. Refundable rental deposit is returned at exit. The homeowner tax adjustment assumes 64% effective utilization of qualifying interest/property-tax deductions; this is a benchmark-fit assumption, not a verified deduction entitlement. Investment returns, selling costs, rates and price growth are estimates, not guarantees.